{"id":2790,"date":"2022-11-23T12:00:00","date_gmt":"2022-11-23T10:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.nav.ro\/blog\/?p=2790"},"modified":"2022-11-23T09:47:14","modified_gmt":"2022-11-23T07:47:14","slug":"ce-este-dns-cache-si-cum-functioneaza","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.nav.ro\/blog\/ce-este-dns-cache-si-cum-functioneaza\/","title":{"rendered":"Ce este DNS cache \u0219i cum func\u021bioneaz\u0103?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Memoria cache DNS este o baz\u0103 de date temporar\u0103, men\u021binut\u0103 de sistemul de operare al unui computer. Aceasta con\u021bine \u00eenregistr\u0103ri ale tuturor vizitelor recente efectuate pe site-uri web \u0219i alte domenii de Internet.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cu alte cuvinte, un cache DNS este doar memorare a c\u0103ut\u0103rilor recente pe care computerul t\u0103u le poate folosi rapid atunci c\u00e2nd \u00eencearc\u0103 s\u0103-\u0219i dea seama ce site web s\u0103 \u00eencarce.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cei mai mul\u021bi oameni folosesc doar cuv\u00e2ntul \u201ecache\u201d atunci c\u00e2nd se refer\u0103 la \u0219tergerea cache-ului DNS pentru a ajuta la rezolvarea unei probleme de conectivitate la Internet.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Scopul memoriei cache<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Internetul se bazeaz\u0103 pe sistemul nume de domeniu pentru a men\u021bine un index al tuturor site-urilor publice \u0219i al adreselor lor IP corespunz\u0103toare. Te po\u021bi g\u00e2ndi la acesta ca la o agend\u0103 telefonic\u0103.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cu o agenda telefonic\u0103, nu trebuie s\u0103 memor\u0103m num\u0103rul de telefon al tuturor. Singura modalitate prin care telefoanele pot comunica fiind cu un num\u0103r. \u00cen acela\u0219i mod, se utilizeaz\u0103 DNS pentru a evita memorarea adresei IP a fiec\u0103rui site web. Acesta fiind singurul mod \u00een care echipamentele din re\u021bea pot comunica cu site-urile Web.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Introduci o adres\u0103 URL precum https:\/\/www.nav.ro\/blog\/<\/a> \u0219i browserul t\u0103u Web solicit\u0103 router-ului adresa IP. Router-ul are o adres\u0103 de server stocat\u0103, deci solicit\u0103 serverulului DNS adresa IP a acestui nume de gazd\u0103. Serverul g\u0103se\u0219te adresa IP care apar\u021bine site-ului https:\/\/www.nav.ro\/blog\/<\/a> \u0219i poate \u00een\u021belege ce site solici\u021bi, dup\u0103 care browserul poate \u00eenc\u0103rca pagina corespunz\u0103toare.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Acest lucru se \u00eent\u00e2mpl\u0103 pentru fiecare site pe care dore\u0219ti s\u0103 \u00eel accesezi. De fiecare dat\u0103 c\u00e2nd un utilizator acceseaz\u0103 un site web prin numele s\u0103u de gazd\u0103, browserul ini\u021biaz\u0103 o cerere pe Internet. Aceast\u0103 solicitare nu poate fi onorat\u0103 p\u00e2n\u0103 c\u00e2nd numele site-ului nu este \u201econvertit\u201d \u00eentr-o adres\u0103 IP.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Problema este c\u0103, de\u0219i exist\u0103 o gr\u0103mad\u0103 de servere publice pe care re\u021beaua le poate utiliza pentru a accelera procesul de conversie \/ rezolu\u021bie, este mai rapid s\u0103 aib\u0103 o copie local\u0103 a \u201eagendei\u201d, unde se g\u0103sesc cache-urile DNS.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cache-ul \u00eencearc\u0103 s\u0103 accelereze procesul prin c\u0103utarea rezolu\u021biei numelui \u00een lista adreselor vizitate recent \u00eenainte ca cererea s\u0103 fie trimis\u0103 pe Internet.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cum func\u021bioneaz\u0103 memoria cache<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u00cenainte ca un browser s\u0103 emit\u0103 cererile sale c\u0103tre re\u021beaua extern\u0103, computerul o intercepteaz\u0103 \u0219i caut\u0103 \u00een cache. Baza de date con\u021bine o list\u0103 cu toate numele de domenii accesate recent. Si adresele pe care DNS le-a stocat pentru prima dat\u0103 c\u00e2nd a fost f\u0103cut\u0103 o solicitare.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Con\u021binutul unei memorii cache DNS local\u0103 poate fi vizualizat\u0103 pe Windows utiliz\u00e2nd comanda ipconfig \/ displaydns, care \u00eentoarce rezultate similare cu aceasta:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

docs.google.com
\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013-
Record Name . . . . . : docs.google.com
Record Type . . . . . : 1
Time To Live . . . . : 21
Data Length . . . . . : 4
Section . . . . . . . : Answer
A (Host) Record . . . : 172.217.6.174<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
\u00cen DNS, \u00eenregistrarea \u201eA\u201d este partea care con\u021bine adresa IP pentru numele de gazd\u0103. Cache-ul stocheaz\u0103 aceast\u0103 adres\u0103, numele site-ului solicitat \u0219i al\u021bi c\u00e2\u021biva parametri din intrarea DNS.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ce este DNS Cache Poisoning?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
O memorie cache devine otr\u0103vit\u0103 sau poluat\u0103 atunci c\u00e2nd sunt inserate \u00een ea nume de domenii sau adrese IP neautorizate.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ocazional, o memorie cache poate deveni corupt\u0103 din cauza unor probleme tehnice sau a unor accidente administrative. Ins\u0103 otr\u0103virea memoriei cache este \u00een mod obi\u0219nuit asociat\u0103 cu viru\u0219ii sau cu alte atacuri din re\u021bea care introduc date nevalide \u00een memoria cache.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Otr\u0103virea face ca solicit\u0103rile clien\u021bilor s\u0103 fie redirec\u021bionate spre destina\u021bii gre\u0219ite. De obicei, site-uri r\u0103u inten\u021bionate sau pagini pline de reclame.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
De exemplu, dac\u0103 \u00eenregistr\u0103rile docs.google.com de mai sus ar fi avut o \u00eenregistrare \u201eA\u201d diferit\u0103, atunci c\u00e2nd ai fi introdus docs.google.com \u00een browserul web, ai fi ajuns la alt\u0103 destina\u021bie.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Aceasta reprezint\u0103 o problem\u0103 masiv\u0103 pentru site-urile populare. Dac\u0103 un atacator \u00ee\u021bi redirec\u021bioneaz\u0103 cererea pentru Gmail.com, pe un site care arat\u0103 c\u0103 Gmail, este posibil s\u0103 ajungi la un atac de tip phishing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
DNS Flushing: ceea ce face \u0219i cum face<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Pentru depanarea problemelor legate de intoxicarea cache sau alte probleme de conectivitate la Internet, un administrator de re\u021bea ar putea dori s\u0103 \u0219terg\u0103 memoria cache.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Deoarece \u0219tergerea memoriei cache DNS elimin\u0103 toate \u00eentr\u0103rile, ea \u0219terge \u0219i toate \u00eenregistr\u0103rile nevalide. Aceasta for\u021beaz\u0103 computerul s\u0103 repopuleze acele adrese la urm\u0103toarea \u00eencercare de a accesa site-urile respective. Aceste adrese noi sunt preluate de la serverul DNS pe care re\u021beaua ta este setat\u0103 s\u0103 \u00eel utilizeze.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Deci, pentru a utiliza exemplul de mai sus, dac\u0103 \u00eenregistrarea Gmail.com a fost otr\u0103vit\u0103 \u0219i te redirec\u021bioneaz\u0103 c\u0103tre un site ciudat, cur\u0103\u021barea memoriei cache DNS este un prim pas pentru a te re\u00eentoarce la adev\u0103ratul Gmail.com.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u00cen Microsoft Windows, po\u021bi \u0219terge cache-ul DNS local folosind comanda ipconfig \/ flushdns. \u0218tii c\u0103 func\u021bioneaz\u0103 atunci c\u00e2nd este afi\u0219at unul din mesajele: Windows IP configuration successfully flushed the DNS Resolver Cache sau Successfully flushed the DNS Resolver Cache.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Prin intermediul unui terminal de comand\u0103, utilizatorii macOS ar trebui s\u0103 foloseasc\u0103 dscacheutil -flushcache. Ins\u0103 nu exist\u0103 un mesaj \u201ede succes\u201d dup\u0103 ce ruleaz\u0103, deci nu li se spune dac\u0103 a func\u021bionat. Utilizatorii Linux ar trebui s\u0103 introduc\u0103 comanda de resetare \/etc\/rc.d\/init.d\/nscd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Un router poate avea \u0219i o memorie cache DNS. Motiv pentru care repornirea unui router este adesea un pas pentru depanare. \u00cen acest fel, po\u021bi \u0219terge cache-ul DNS de pe computer. Si, totodat\u0103 po\u021bi reporni routerul pentru a \u0219terge \u00eentr\u0103rile DNS stocate \u00een memoria sa temporar\u0103.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Memoria cache DNS este o baz\u0103 de date temporar\u0103, men\u021binut\u0103 de sistemul de operare al unui computer. Aceasta con\u021bine \u00eenregistr\u0103ri ale tuturor vizitelor recente efectuate pe site-uri web \u0219i alte domenii de Internet. Cu alte cuvinte, un cache DNS este doar memorare a c\u0103ut\u0103rilor recente pe care computerul t\u0103u le poate folosi rapid atunci c\u00e2nd<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2792,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[155],"tags":[392,19,351,9,112,69,96],"class_list":["post-2790","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-info","tag-cache","tag-dns","tag-domains","tag-gazduire","tag-hosting","tag-infrastructura","tag-web-hosting"],"yoast_head":"\nCe este DNS cache \u0219i cum func\u021bioneaz\u0103? - NAV.RO Blog<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Memoria cache DNS (uneori numit\u0103 cache DNS resolver) este o baz\u0103 de date temporar\u0103, men\u021binut\u0103 de sistemul de operare al unui computer\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nav.ro\/blog\/ce-este-dns-cache-si-cum-functioneaza\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ro_RO\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Ce este DNS cache \u0219i cum func\u021bioneaz\u0103? 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