{"id":3007,"date":"2023-04-12T12:00:00","date_gmt":"2023-04-12T09:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.nav.ro\/blog\/?p=3007"},"modified":"2023-04-18T10:39:11","modified_gmt":"2023-04-18T07:39:11","slug":"5-moduri-de-a-genera-parole-puternice-in-linux","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.nav.ro\/blog\/5-moduri-de-a-genera-parole-puternice-in-linux\/","title":{"rendered":"5 moduri de a genera parole puternice \u00een Linux"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Introducere<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Este extrem de important pentru orice administrator de sistem Linux s\u0103 p\u0103streze parole puternice pentru serverele \u0219i bazele de date ale acestora, astfel \u00eenc\u00e2t s\u0103 nu fie expuse hackerilor \u00een caz de atacuri brute force sau alte \u00eencerc\u0103ri de infiltrare prin spargerea parolei. \u00cen acest articol vom \u00eemp\u0103rt\u0103\u0219i cinci instrumente diferite \u00een linie de comand\u0103, prin care po\u021bi genera parole puternice.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Metoda 1: Utilizarea OpenSSL \u00een Linux<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

OpenSSL este un set de instrumente de criptografie care implementeaz\u0103 protocoalele de re\u021bea Secure Sockets Layer (SSL v2 \/ v3) \u0219i Transport Layer Security (TLS v1) \u0219i standardele de criptografie aferente cerute de acestea. Programul OpenSSL este un instrument de linie de comand\u0103 pentru utilizarea diferitelor func\u021bii de criptografie ale libr\u0103riei crypto a OpenSSL din shell. Unele dintre utiliz\u0103rile populare sunt listate mai jos:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \n
  1. Crearea \u0219i gestionarea cheilor private, a cheilor publice \u0219i a parametrilor<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  2. Opera\u021biuni criptografice cu cheie public\u0103<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  3. Crearea certificatelor X.509, CSR \u0219i CRL<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  4. Calculul mesajelor digestate<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  5. Criptare \u0219i decriptare prin intermediul cifrurilor<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  6. Generare de \u0219ir aleatoare<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

    OpenSSL este, \u00een general, instalat \u00een mod implicit pe majoritatea distribu\u021biilor Linux. \u00cen cazul \u00een care lipse\u0219te, \u00eel po\u021bi instala utiliz\u00e2nd comanda \u201eyum install openssl\u201d. OpenSSL face parte din depozitul de baz\u0103 pentru sistemele de operare RHEL \/ Centos. Vom folosi op\u021biunea \u201erand\u201d (Generare pseudo-aleatoare de bi\u021bi) cu comanda openssl pentru a genera un \u0219ir alfanumeric care poate fi folosit ca parol\u0103.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    [root@linux ~]# openssl rand -base64 15\n1Caxj6P7GfJzJwDeJP2G\n[root@linux ~]#<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
    Base64 este un format de codare utilizat \u00een aplica\u021bii \u0219i diferite sisteme care pot fi transferate \u0219i utilizate f\u0103r\u0103 probleme. Putem genera numere aleatorii compatibile Base64 cu openssl rand. Aici set\u0103m num\u0103rul de caractere (octe\u021bi) 15 care este ultimul parametru.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    Metoda 2: Utilizarea mkpasswd \u00een Linux<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
    Utilitarul mkpasswd este instalat pe sistem ca parte a pachetului de pe sistemele Linux bazate pe RHEL \u0219i nu este disponibil ca binar separat. Pentru a verifica acest lucru putem rula \u201eyum whatprovides \/ usr \/ bin \/ mkpasswd\u201d dup\u0103 cum se arat\u0103 mai jos:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    [root@linux ~]# yum whatprovides \/usr\/bin\/mkpasswd\nLoaded plugins: fastestmirror, security\nLoading mirror speeds from cached hostfile\n* base: centos.uhost.hk\n* epel: kartolo.sby.datautama.net.id\n* extras: centos.uhost.hk\n* updates: mirrors.shu.edu.cn\nexpect-5.44.1.15-5.el6_4.x86_64 : A program-script interaction and testing utility\nRepo : base\nMatched from:\nFilename : \/usr\/bin\/mkpasswd\n\nexpect-5.44.1.15-5.el6_4.x86_64 : A program-script interaction and testing utility\nRepo : installed\nMatched from:\nOther : Provides-match: \/usr\/bin\/mkpasswd\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
    Putem folosi diferite pavilioane cu comanda mkpasswd in Linux pentru a genera o parol\u0103 de complexitate adecvat\u0103 conform cerin\u021belor noastre. Comanda de mai jos genereaz\u0103 o parol\u0103 de cincisprezece caractere (-l) care con\u021bine trei cifre (-d), cinci majuscule (-C) \u0219i dou\u0103 caractere speciale (-s).<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    [root@linux ~]# mkpasswd -l 15 -d 3 -C 5 -s 2\n(RH%F12TBe5hujo\n[root@linux ~]#<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
    Metoda 3: Utilizarea urandom<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
    Fi\u0219ierul dispozitivului \/ dev \/ urandom este o surs\u0103 de imprimare a caracterelor aleatorii pe ecran. Utiliz\u0103m comanda \u201estrings\u201d pentru a afi\u0219a pe ecran fi\u0219ierele tip\u0103rite din fi\u0219ierul de dispozitiv \/ dev \/ urandom. Aceast\u0103 list\u0103 de caractere ar putea fi foarte lung\u0103 \u0219i posibil infinit\u0103. Deci, pentru a ob\u021bine o ie\u0219ire mai utilizabil\u0103, acces\u0103m fi\u0219ierul \/ dev \/ urandom \u00een modul urm\u0103tor:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    [root@linux ~]# strings \/dev\/urandom |tr -dc A-Za-z0-9 | head -c15;echo\ny8secFeWCTqANZJ\n[root@linux ~]#<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
    Comanda tr filtreaz\u0103 ie\u0219irea \u00een caractere care con\u021bin cifre, majuscule \u0219i minuscule, \u0219i folosind comanda head afi\u0219eaz\u0103 primele cincisprezece caractere a\u0219a cum se arat\u0103 \u00een exemplul de mai sus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    Metoda 4: Utilizarea md5sum \u00een Linux<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
    Scopul comenzii md5sum este de a printa md5sum checksum al unui fi\u0219ier prin care se poate valida integritatea acestuia. Deoarece md5sum checksum este un \u0219ir aleator de caractere, am putea folosi \u0219irul rezultat ca \u0219i parol\u0103. Prin conectarea ie\u0219irii comenzii date la comanda md5sum am putea genera un \u0219ir de caractere aleatoare diferite de fiecare dat\u0103 c\u00e2nd folosim aceast\u0103 combina\u021bie. Acest lucru se datoreaz\u0103 faptului c\u0103 ie\u0219irea comenzii de date va fi \u00eentotdeauna diferit\u0103, prin urmare, rezultatul md5sum va fi \u00eentotdeauna diferit. Iat\u0103 un exemplu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    [root@linux ~]# date | md5sum\n35081faf49141515ea74096e245e4419 -\n[root@linux ~]# date | md5sum\n517e7bc3c243a127d6d2f035c8d14d29 -\n[root@linux ~]#<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
    Observa\u021bi c\u0103 md5sum este diferit \u00een ambele cazuri.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    Metoda 5: Utilizarea gpg<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
    Utilitarul liniei de comand\u0103 gpg este de fapt o leg\u0103tur\u0103 soft c\u0103tre gpg2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    [root@linux ~]# ls -l \/usr\/bin\/gpg\nlrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 4 Mar 27 16:50 \/usr\/bin\/gpg -> gpg2\n[root@linux ~]#<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
    gpg2 este partea OpenPGP a GNU Privacy Guard (GnuPG). Este un instrument de furnizare a serviciilor digitale de criptare \u0219i semnare utiliz\u00e2nd standardul OpenPGP. Mai jos este un exemplu despre modul \u00een care am putea folosi instrumentul gpg pentru a genera un \u0219ir aleator de caractere care ar putea fi folosite ca \u0219i parol\u0103.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    [root@linux ~]# gpg --gen-random --armor 1 15\nJIRPsD+sbE0QGyQhOXHX\n[root@linux ~]#<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
    \u00cen exemplul de mai sus, op\u021biunea -gen-random implic\u0103 generarea unei secven\u021be de octe\u021bi aleatorii de caractere de calitate 1 \u0219i de lungime de caractere ca fiind 15. Op\u021biunea -armor asigur\u0103 c\u0103 ie\u0219irea este codificat\u0103 base64.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    Concluzie<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
    \u00cen acest articol am explicat cu exemple cinci utilitare din linia de comand\u0103 pe care le-ai putea folosi pentru a genera parole puternice \u00een Linux.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
    Introducere Este extrem de important pentru orice administrator de sistem Linux s\u0103 p\u0103streze parole puternice pentru serverele \u0219i bazele de date ale acestora, astfel \u00eenc\u00e2t s\u0103 nu fie expuse hackerilor \u00een caz de atacuri brute force sau alte \u00eencerc\u0103ri de infiltrare prin spargerea parolei. \u00cen acest articol vom \u00eemp\u0103rt\u0103\u0219i cinci instrumente diferite \u00een linie de<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":3012,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[121,176,175],"class_list":["post-3007","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-how-to","tag-hacking","tag-linux","tag-security"],"yoast_head":"\n5 moduri de a genera parole puternice \u00een Linux - NAV.RO Blog<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Este extrem de important pentru orice administrator de sistem Linux s\u0103 p\u0103streze parole puternice pentru serverele \u0219i bazele de date\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nav.ro\/blog\/5-moduri-de-a-genera-parole-puternice-in-linux\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ro_RO\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"5 moduri de a genera parole puternice \u00een Linux - 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