{"id":3015,"date":"2023-04-19T11:19:44","date_gmt":"2023-04-19T08:19:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.nav.ro\/blog\/?p=3015"},"modified":"2023-04-19T11:19:44","modified_gmt":"2023-04-19T08:19:44","slug":"adresele-ip-private-tot-ce-trebuie-sa-stim","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.nav.ro\/blog\/adresele-ip-private-tot-ce-trebuie-sa-stim\/","title":{"rendered":"Adresele IP private: Tot ce trebuie s\u0103 \u0219tim"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Adresele IP private sunt adresele IP rezervate pentru utilizare intern\u0103 \u00een spatele unui router sau a altui dispozitiv de traducere a adreselor de re\u021bea (NAT).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adresele IP private sunt \u00een contrast cu adresele publice, care nu pot fi utilizate \u00een cadrul unei re\u021bele de domiciliu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Uneori, o adres\u0103 IP privat\u0103 este denumit\u0103 \u0219i adres\u0103 IP local\u0103.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Care sunt adresele IP private?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) rezerv\u0103 urm\u0103toarele blocuri de adrese IP pentru a fi utilizate ca adrese IP private:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

10.0.0.0 p\u00e2n\u0103 la 10.255.255.255
172.16.0.0 p\u00e2n\u0103 la 172.31.255.255
192.168.0.0 p\u00e2n\u0103 la 192.168.255.255<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Primul set de adrese IP de mai sus permite peste 16 milioane de adrese, al doilea pentru peste 1 milion \u0219i peste 65 000 pentru ultima gam\u0103.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

O alt\u0103 gam\u0103 de adrese IP private este 169.254.0.0 p\u00e2n\u0103 la 169.254.255.255, dar acele adrese sunt destinate numai utiliz\u0103rii adresei IP automate (APIPA).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00cen anul 2012, IANA a alocat 4 milioane de adrese de 100.64.0.0\/10 pentru a fi utilizate \u00een medii NAT de tip carrier-grade.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

De ce sunt utilizate adrese IP private?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u00cen loc s\u0103 aib\u0103 dispozitive \u00een interiorul unei re\u021bele de domiciliu, care s\u0103 utilizeze o adres\u0103 IP public\u0103, IP-urile private ofer\u0103 un set complet diferit de adrese. Acestea permit accesul pe o re\u021bea, dar f\u0103r\u0103 a prelua un spa\u021biu public de adrese IP .<\/p>\n\n\n\n

De exemplu, s\u0103 lu\u0103m \u00een considerare un router standard \u00eentr-o re\u021bea de domiciliu. Cele mai multe routere din casele din \u00eentreaga lume, au adresa IP 192.168.1.1 \u0219i atribuie 192.168.1.2, 192.168.1.3, \u2026 diverselor dispozitive care se conecteaz\u0103 la el ( prin intermediul unui serviciu numit DHCP).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nu conteaz\u0103 c\u00e2t de multe routere utilizeaz\u0103 adresa 192.168.1.1 sau c\u00e2te zeci de dispozitive din cadrul re\u021belei partajeaz\u0103 adresele IP, deoarece nu comunic\u0103 direct \u00eentre ele.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Spre deosebire de adresele publice, cele locale nu pot ajunge direct pe Internet<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u00cen schimb, dispozitivele dintr-o re\u021bea utilizeaz\u0103 routerul pentru a traduce solicit\u0103rile prin adresa IP public\u0103. Aceasta poate comunica cu alte adrese IP publice \u0219i eventual cu alte re\u021bele locale.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hardware-ul dintr-o re\u021bea specific\u0103 ce utilizeaz\u0103 o adres\u0103 IP privat\u0103 poate comunica cu toate cealalte echipamente \u00een limitele respectivei re\u021bele. Acesta \u00eens\u0103, va necesita un router prin intermediul c\u0103reia s\u0103 comunice cu dispozitivele din afara re\u021belei.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

De exemplu, \u00eenainte de a ajunge pe aceast\u0103 pagin\u0103, dispozitivul tau, care utilizeaz\u0103 o adres\u0103 IP privat\u0103, a solicitat asta printr-un router cu un IP public. Odat\u0103 ce cererea a fost f\u0103cut\u0103 \u0219i Blogul NAV<\/a> a r\u0103spuns pentru a livra pagina, aceasta a fost desc\u0103rcata pe dispozitiv printr-o adres\u0103 public\u0103 public\u0103 \u00eenainte de a ajunge la router, dup\u0103 care a fost transferat pe adresa privat\u0103 \/ local\u0103 pentru a ajunge la dispozitivul tau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dispozitivele care apar\u021bin de re\u021belele private pot utiliza un IP privat, ceea ce nu este valabil pentru IP-urile publice.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adresele IP rezervate<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Un alt set de adrese IP care sunt restric\u021bionate se numesc adrese IP rezervate. Acestea sunt similare cu adresele IP private, \u00een sensul c\u0103 nu pot fi utilizate pentru comunicarea pe Internet.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cel mai cunoscut IP rezervat este 127.0.0.1. Aceast\u0103 adres\u0103 se nume\u0219te adresa de retur \u0219i se utilizeaz\u0103 pentru a testa adaptorul de re\u021bea sau cipul integrat. Niciun trafic adresat 127.0.0.1 nu este trimis prin re\u021beaua local\u0103 sau prin Internetul public.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Din punct de vedere tehnic, \u00eentregul interval de la 127.0.0.0 p\u00e2n\u0103 la 127.255.255.255 este rezervat \u00een scopuri de loopback. Dar aproape c\u0103 nu vei vedea alt ip dec\u00e2t 127.0.0.1 folosit \u00een lumea real\u0103.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adresele din intervalul 0.0.0.0 la 0.255.255.255 sunt, de asemenea, rezervate, dar nu fac nimic. \u00cen cazul \u00een care atribui unui dispozitiv o adres\u0103 IP din acest interval, acesta nu va func\u021biona corect indiferent de locul \u00een care se afl\u0103 re\u021beaua.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cum s\u0103 g\u0103sim adresa adresa IP privat\u0103?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Cunoa\u0219terea adresei IP privat\u0103 este util\u0103 doar \u00een situa\u021bii specifice, \u0219i rare pentru cele mai multe persoane.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dac\u0103 doresti s\u0103 conectezi un computer la altul din re\u021bea, poti face acest lucru prin adresa IP local\u0103. De asemenea, po\u021bi utiliza o adres\u0103 IP local\u0103 cu software de la distan\u021b\u0103 pentru a controla un computer de la distan\u021b\u0103. O adres\u0103 IP privat\u0103 este, de asemenea, necesar\u0103 atunci c\u00e2nd direc\u021bionezi un port specific de re\u021bea de la un router c\u0103tre un anumit computer din aceea\u0219i re\u021bea, un proces numit port forwarding.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cea mai u\u0219oar\u0103 modalitate de a g\u0103si adresa IP privat\u0103 \u00een Windows este prin Command Prompt cu comanda ipconfig.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mai multe informa\u021bii despre adresele IP private<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

C\u00e2nd un dispozitiv de tip router este conectat, acesta prime\u0219te o adres\u0103 IP public\u0103 de la un ISP. Dispozitivele care sunt apoi conectate la router le sunt alocate adrese IP private.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dup\u0103 cum am men\u021bionat mai sus, adresele IP private nu pot comunica direct cu o adres\u0103 IP public\u0103. Aceasta \u00eenseamn\u0103 c\u0103 dac\u0103 un dispozitiv care are o adres\u0103 IP privat\u0103 este conectat direct la Internet \u0219i, prin urmare, devine non-routabil, acesta nu va avea conexiune la re\u021bea p\u00e2n\u0103 c\u00e2nd adresa nu este tradus\u0103 \u00eentr-o adres\u0103 de lucru printr-un NAT sau p\u00e2n\u0103 c\u00e2nd cererile sunt trimise printr-un dispozitiv care are o adres\u0103 IP public\u0103 valabil\u0103.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tot traficul de pe Internet poate interac\u021biona cu un router. Acest lucru este valabil pentru orice, de la traficul HTTP obi\u0219nuit la lucruri precum FTP \u0219i RDP. Cu toate acestea, pentru c\u0103 adresele IP private sunt ascunse \u00een spatele unui router, acesta trebuie s\u0103 \u0219tie adresa IP pe care ar trebui s\u0103 trimit\u0103 informa\u021biile, dac\u0103 vrei ca un server FTP s\u0103 fie configurat \u00eentr-o re\u021bea de domiciliu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pentru ca aceasta s\u0103 func\u021bioneze corect pentru adresele IP private, trebuie s\u0103 configurezi redirec\u021bionarea porturilor. Redirec\u021bionarea unuia sau mai multor porturi c\u0103tre o anumit\u0103 adres\u0103 IP privat\u0103 implic\u0103 conectarea \u00een router pentru a accesa set\u0103rile acestuia, apoi alegerea porturilor pe care trebuie s\u0103 le trimit\u0103 \u0219i unde ar trebui s\u0103 ajung\u0103.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Adresele IP private sunt adresele IP rezervate pentru utilizare intern\u0103 \u00een spatele unui router sau a altui dispozitiv de traducere a adreselor de re\u021bea (NAT). Adresele IP private sunt \u00een contrast cu adresele publice, care nu pot fi utilizate \u00een cadrul unei re\u021bele de domiciliu. Uneori, o adres\u0103 IP privat\u0103 este denumit\u0103 \u0219i adres\u0103 IP<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":3016,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[155],"tags":[69,283],"class_list":["post-3015","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-info","tag-infrastructura","tag-ip-dedicat"],"yoast_head":"\nAdresele IP private: Tot ce trebuie s\u0103 \u0219tim - NAV.RO Blog<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Adresele IP private sunt adresele IP rezervate pentru utilizare intern\u0103 \u00een spatele unui router sau a altui dispozitiv de traducere\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nav.ro\/blog\/adresele-ip-private-tot-ce-trebuie-sa-stim\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ro_RO\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Adresele IP private: Tot ce trebuie s\u0103 \u0219tim - 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