{"id":609,"date":"2018-10-16T19:44:44","date_gmt":"2018-10-16T17:44:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blog.nav.ro\/?p=609"},"modified":"2019-02-22T12:00:01","modified_gmt":"2019-02-22T10:00:01","slug":"5-protocoale-de-rutare-a-retelei","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.nav.ro\/blog\/5-protocoale-de-rutare-a-retelei\/","title":{"rendered":"5 Protocoale de rutare a re\u021belei"},"content":{"rendered":"

Sute de protocoale de re\u021bea diferite au fost create pentru a sprijini comunicarea \u00eentre computere \u0219i alte tipuri de dispozitive electronice. A\u0219a-numitele protocoalele de rutare sunt familia de protocoale de re\u021bea care permit routerelor s\u0103 comunice \u00eentre ele \u0219i, la r\u00e2ndul lor, s\u0103 transfere \u00een mod inteligent traficul \u00eentre re\u021belele pe care le gestioneaz\u0103. Protocoalele descrise mai jos de\u021bin fiecare aceast\u0103 func\u021bie critic\u0103 a routerelor \u0219i a re\u021belelor de calculatoare.<\/p>\n

Cum func\u021bioneaz\u0103 protocoalele de rutare<\/p>\n

Fiecare protocol de rutare a re\u021belei are trei func\u021bii de baz\u0103:<\/p>\n

– descoper\u0103 – identific\u0103 alte routere din re\u021bea<\/p>\n

– gestioneaz\u0103 rutele – urm\u0103reste toate destina\u021biile posibile (pentru mesajele din re\u021bea) \u00eempreun\u0103 cu unele date care descriu calea fiec\u0103ruia<\/p>\n

– determin\u0103 traseul – iau decizii dinamice pentru calea pe care s\u0103 se trimit\u0103 fiecare mesaj de re\u021bea<\/p>\n

C\u00e2teva protocoale de rutare (numite protocoale de stare de leg\u0103tur\u0103) permit unui router s\u0103 construiasc\u0103 \u0219i s\u0103 urm\u0103reasc\u0103 o hart\u0103 complet\u0103 a tuturor leg\u0103turilor de re\u021bea dintr-o loca\u021bie, \u00een timp ce altele (numite protocoale vectoriale de distan\u021b\u0103) permit ruterelor s\u0103 lucreze cu mai pu\u021bine informa\u021bii despre zona de re\u021bea.<\/p>\n

1. RIP<\/strong><\/p>\n

Cercet\u0103torii au elaborat Protocolul de informa\u021bii privind rutarea (Routing Information Protocol) \u00een anii 1980 pentru utilizarea pe re\u021bele interne mici sau mijlocii care erau conectate Internetul de alt\u0103dat\u0103. RIP este capabil s\u0103 dirijeze mesaje \u00eentre re\u021bele p\u00e2n\u0103 la maxim 15 hop-uri.<\/p>\n

Dispozitivele de rutare RIP descoper\u0103 re\u021beaua trimi\u021b\u00e2nd mai \u00eent\u00e2i un mesaj care solicit\u0103 tabelele ruterului de la dispozitivele vecine. Vecinii care ruleaz\u0103 protocolul RIP r\u0103spund prin trimiterea complet\u0103 a tabelelor de rutare c\u0103tre solicitant, dup\u0103 care solicitantul urmeaz\u0103 un algoritm pentru a \u00eembina toate aceste actualiz\u0103ri \u00een propriul tabel. La intervale regulate, routerele RIP expediaz\u0103 periodic tabelele de router c\u0103tre vecinii lor, astfel \u00eenc\u00e2t orice schimbare s\u0103 poat\u0103 fi propagat\u0103 \u00een re\u021bea.<\/p>\n

Protocolul tradi\u021bional RIP a suportat numai re\u021bele IPv4, \u00eens\u0103 standardul mai recent RIPng accept\u0103 \u0219i IPv6. RIP utilizeaz\u0103 porturile UDP 520 sau 521 (RIPng) pentru comunicare.<\/p>\n

2. OSPF<\/strong><\/p>\n

Open Shortest Path First a fost creat mai \u00eent\u00e2i pentru a dep\u0103\u0219i unele dintre limit\u0103rile sale legate de RIP, inclusiv<\/p>\n

– num\u0103rului restr\u00e2ns de 15 hop-uri<\/p>\n

– incapacitatea de a organiza re\u021bele \u00eentr-o ierarhie de rutare, important\u0103 pentru administrare \u0219i performan\u021b\u0103 \u00een re\u021belele interne mari<\/p>\n

– v\u00e2rfurile de semnal semnificative ale traficului de re\u021bea generate prin repetarea deas\u0103 a tabelelor complete de rutere la intervale regulate.<\/p>\n

Dup\u0103 cum sugereaz\u0103 \u0219i numele, OSPF este un standard public deschis, cu adoptarea pe scar\u0103 larg\u0103 \u00een r\u00e2ndul multor furnizori din industrie. Routerele configurate cu OSPF descoper\u0103 re\u021beaua prin trimiterea de mesaje de identificare \u00eentre ele, urmate de mesaje care captureaz\u0103 anumite elemente de rutare, mai degrab\u0103 dec\u00e2t \u00eentreaga tabel\u0103 de rutare.<\/p>\n

3. EIGRP \u0219i IGRP<\/strong><\/p>\n

Cisco a dezvoltat Protocolul de rutare Internet Gateway ca o alternativ\u0103 la RIP. Cel mai recent IGRP \u00eembun\u0103t\u0103\u021bit (EIGRP) a f\u0103cut ca IGRP s\u0103 fie scos din uz \u00eencep\u00e2nd cu anii 1990. EIGRP suport\u0103 subre\u021bele IP f\u0103r\u0103 clas\u0103 \u0219i \u00eembun\u0103t\u0103\u021be\u0219te eficien\u021ba algoritmilor de rutare \u00een compara\u021bie cu IGRP-ul vechi. Nu suport\u0103 ierarhii de rutare, cum ar fi RIP. Creat c\u0103 un protocol privat care putea fi rulat numai pe dispozitivele Cisco, EIGRP a fost conceput cu scopul de configurare mai u\u0219oar\u0103 \u0219i o performan\u021b\u0103 mai bun\u0103 dec\u00e2t OSPF.<\/p>\n

4. IS-IS<\/strong><\/p>\n

Protocolul Intermediate System to Intermediate System func\u021bioneaz\u0103 similar cu OSPF. \u00cen timp ce OSPF a devenit \u00een general alegerea mai popular\u0103, IS-IS r\u0103m\u00e2ne utilizat pe scar\u0103 larg\u0103 de c\u0103tre furnizorii de servicii care au beneficiat de acest protocol fiind mai u\u0219or de adaptat la mediile lor specializate. Spre deosebire de alte protocoale din aceast\u0103 categorie, IS-IS nu ruleaz\u0103 pe Internet Protocol (IP) \u0219i utilizeaz\u0103 propria sa schem\u0103 de adresare.<\/p>\n

5. BGP \u0219i EGP<\/strong><\/p>\n

Border Gateway Protocol este protocolul standard de gateway extern (EGP). BGP detecteaz\u0103 modific\u0103rile din tabelele de rutare \u0219i comunic\u0103 selectiv acele modific\u0103ri altor routere prin TCP \/ IP.<\/p>\n

Furnizorii de Internet folosesc \u00een mod obi\u0219nuit BGP pentru a \u00ee\u0219i al\u0103tura re\u021belele lor \u00eempreun\u0103. \u00cen plus, \u00eentreprinderile mai mari utilizeaz\u0103 uneori \u0219i BGP pentru a se al\u0103tura mai multor re\u021bele interne. Profesioni\u0219tii consider\u0103 BGP drept cel mai dificil dintre toate protocoalele de rutare, datorit\u0103 complexit\u0103\u021bii configura\u021biei.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Sute de protocoale de re\u021bea diferite au fost create pentru a sprijini comunicarea \u00eentre computere \u0219i alte tipuri de dispozitive electronice. A\u0219a-numitele protocoalele de rutare sunt familia de protocoale de re\u021bea care permit routerelor s\u0103 comunice \u00eentre ele \u0219i, la r\u00e2ndul lor, s\u0103 transfere \u00een mod inteligent traficul \u00eentre re\u021belele pe care le gestioneaz\u0103. Protocoalele<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1229,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[151],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-609","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-noutati"],"yoast_head":"\n5 Protocoale de rutare a re\u021belei - NAV.RO Blog<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nav.ro\/blog\/5-protocoale-de-rutare-a-retelei\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ro_RO\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"5 Protocoale de rutare a re\u021belei - NAV.RO Blog\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Sute de protocoale de re\u021bea diferite au fost create pentru a sprijini comunicarea \u00eentre computere \u0219i alte tipuri de dispozitive electronice. A\u0219a-numitele protocoalele de rutare sunt familia de protocoale de re\u021bea care permit routerelor s\u0103 comunice \u00eentre ele \u0219i, la r\u00e2ndul lor, s\u0103 transfere \u00een mod inteligent traficul \u00eentre re\u021belele pe care le gestioneaz\u0103. 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