{"id":667,"date":"2018-11-20T22:59:42","date_gmt":"2018-11-20T20:59:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blog.nav.ro\/?p=667"},"modified":"2019-03-21T10:41:42","modified_gmt":"2019-03-21T08:41:42","slug":"cum-afisam-depozitele-in-linux","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.nav.ro\/blog\/cum-afisam-depozitele-in-linux\/","title":{"rendered":"Cum afi\u0219am depozitele \u00een Linux"},"content":{"rendered":"

Un depozit Linux este o loca\u021bie de stocare din care sistemul dvs. preia \u0219i instaleaz\u0103 actualiz\u0103rile \u0219i aplica\u021biile sistemului de operare. Fiecare depozit este o colec\u021bie de software g\u0103zduit\u0103 pe un server la distan\u021b\u0103 \u0219i destinat\u0103 pentru a fi utilizat\u0103 \u00een instalarea \u0219i actualizarea pachetelor software pe sistemele Linux. C\u00e2nd executa\u021bi comenzi precum „sudo apt update” sau „sudo apt upgrade”, este posibil s\u0103 trage\u021bi informa\u021bii despre pachete \u0219i actualiz\u0103ri de pachete dintr-un num\u0103r de depozite.<\/p>\n

Depozitele con\u021bin mii de programe. Depozitele standard ofer\u0103 un grad ridicat de securitate, deoarece software-ul inclus este testat \u0219i construit pentru a fi compatibil cu o anumit\u0103 distribu\u021bie \u0219i versiune. Deci, v\u0103 pute\u021bi a\u0219tepta ca actualiz\u0103rile s\u0103 aib\u0103 loc f\u0103r\u0103 efecte secundare nea\u0219teptate.<\/p>\n

Depozitele pot fi standard sau non-standard. Odat\u0103 ce un depozit non-standard a fost ad\u0103ugat la lista de depozite ale sistemului dvs., sistemul poate instala software din acesta, precum \u0219i din cele standard. \u00cen general, ad\u0103ugarea unui depozit non-standard este un pas simplu. Comanda sudo apt-add-repository de pe Ubuntu, de exemplu, poate fi folosit\u0103 pentru a ad\u0103uga un depozit. Op\u021biunea –help pentru comanda apt-add-repository prezint\u0103 aceste exemple de comand\u0103:<\/p>\n

apt-add-repository 'deb http:\/\/myserver\/path\/to\/repo stable myrepo'
\napt-add-repository 'http:\/\/myserver\/path\/to\/repo myrepo'
\napt-add-repository 'https:\/\/packages.medibuntu.org free non-free'
\napt-add-repository http:\/\/extras.ubuntu.com\/ubuntu
\napt-add-repository ppa:user\/repository
\napt-add-repository ppa:user\/distro\/repository
\napt-add-repository multiverse<\/code><\/p>\n

Comanda apt-add-repository accept\u0103, de asemenea, eliminarea unui depozit cu utilizarea op\u021biunii -r.<\/p>\n

Pe Fedora, comanda pentru ad\u0103ugarea unui depozit arat\u0103 astfel:<\/p>\n

dnf config-manager --add-repo repository_url<\/code><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Cu toate acestea, trebuie s\u0103 fi\u021bi aten\u021bi atunci c\u00e2nd ad\u0103uga\u021bi un depozit non-standard pentru a v\u0103 asigura c\u0103 a fost testat \u0219i c\u0103 este cunoscut c\u0103 lucreaz\u0103 \u00een special cu sistemul dvs.<\/p>\n

Dac\u0103 sunte\u021bi curios despre ce depozite utilizeaz\u0103 sistemul dvs., pute\u021bi rula o comand\u0103 pe linia de comand\u0103 pentru ca sistemul dvs. Linux s\u0103 v\u0103 ofere aceste informa\u021bii pentru dvs.<\/p>\n

Sisteme bazate pe RPM<\/strong><\/p>\n

Pe RedHat, Fedora \u0219i alte sisteme similare, a\u021bi putea folosi o comand\u0103 ca cea prezentat\u0103 mai jos pentru a vizualiza depozitele pe care le folosesc la comenzile de actualizare. Re\u021bine\u021bi c\u0103 folosim comanda dnf \u00een acest exemplu. Acesta este \u00eenlocuirea comenzii yum.<\/p>\n

$ sudo dnf repolist
\nLast metadata expiration check: 0:18:37 ago on Sat 15 Sep 2018 12:28:02 PM EDT.
\nrepo id repo name status
\n*fedora Fedora 28 - x86_64 57,327
\n*updates Fedora 28 - x86_64 - Updates 18,739<\/code><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

C\u00e2mpul de status din output-ul de mai sus reprezint\u0103 num\u0103rul de pachete din fiecare depozit. Dac\u0103 ad\u0103uga\u021bi specifica\u021bia „all”, ve\u021bi vedea, de asemenea, \u0219i depozite dezactivate (care nu sunt utilizate). \u00cen comanda de mai jos, vedem c\u0103 un num\u0103r mare de alte depozite sunt dezactivate.<\/p>\n

$ sudo dnf repolist all
\nLast metadata expiration check: 0:19:39 ago on Sat 15 Sep 2018 12:28:02 PM EDT.
\nrepo id repo name status
\n*fedora Fedora 28 - x86_64 enabled: 57,327
\nfedora-cisco-openh264 Fedora 28 openh264 (From Cisco) disabled
\nfedora-cisco-openh264-debuginfo Fedora 28 openh264 (From Cisco) disabled
\nfedora-debuginfo Fedora 28 - x86_64 - Debug disabled
\nfedora-source Fedora 28 - Source disabled
\n*updates Fedora 28 - x86_64 - Updates enabled: 18,739
\nupdates-debuginfo Fedora 28 - x86_64 - Updates - D disabled
\nupdates-source Fedora 28 - Updates Source disabled
\nupdates-testing Fedora 28 - x86_64 - Test Update disabled
\nupdates-testing-debuginfo Fedora 28 - x86_64 - Test Update disabled
\nupdates-testing-source Fedora 28 - Test Updates Source disabled<\/code><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Activarea unui depozit se poate face cu o comand\u0103 de genul:<\/p>\n

# dnf config-manager --set-enabled repository_url<\/code><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

De asemenea, pute\u021bi ad\u0103uga depozite destul de u\u0219or prin comenzi cum ar fi:<\/p>\n

# dnf config-manager --add-repo http:\/\/www.example.com\/example.repo<\/code><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Sisteme bazate pe Debian<\/strong><\/p>\n

Pentru sistemele Debian, cum ar fi Ubuntu, pute\u021bi utiliza o comand\u0103 ca cea prezentat\u0103 mai jos pentru a afi\u0219a depozitele care se utilizeaz\u0103 atunci c\u00e2nd v\u0103 actualiza\u021bi sistemul. Aceast\u0103 comand\u0103 selecteaz\u0103 surse din fi\u0219ierul \/etc\/apt\/sources.list \u0219i din directorul \/etc\/apt\/sources.list.d din sistemul \u00een care se p\u0103streaz\u0103 aceast\u0103 informa\u021bie. Argumentul ^ [^ #] suprim\u0103 comentariile.<\/p>\n

$ grep ^[^#] \/etc\/apt\/sources.list \/etc\/apt\/sources.list.d\/*
\n\/etc\/apt\/sources.list:deb http:\/\/us.archive.ubuntu.co\/ubuntu\/ bionic main restricted<\/code>\/etc\/apt\/sources.list:deb http:\/\/us.archive.ubuntu.com\/ubuntu\/ bionic-updates main restricted
\n\/etc\/apt\/sources.list:deb http:\/\/us.archive.ubuntu.com\/ubuntu\/ bionic universe
\n\/etc\/apt\/sources.list:deb http:\/\/us.archive.ubuntu.com\/ubuntu\/ bionic-updates universe
\n\/etc\/apt\/sources.list:deb http:\/\/us.archive.ubuntu.com\/ubuntu\/ bionic multiverse
\n\/etc\/apt\/sources.list:deb http:\/\/us.archive.ubuntu.com\/ubuntu\/ bionic-updates multiverse
\n\/etc\/apt\/sources.list:deb http:\/\/us.archive.ubuntu.com\/ubuntu\/ bionic-backports main restricted universe multiverse
\n\/etc\/apt\/sources.list:deb http:\/\/security.ubuntu.com\/ubuntu bionic-security main restricted
\n\/etc\/apt\/sources.list:deb http:\/\/security.ubuntu.com\/ubuntu bionic-security universe
\n\/etc\/apt\/sources.list:deb http:\/\/security.ubuntu.com\/ubuntu bionic-security multiverse
\n\/etc\/apt\/sources.list.d\/teejee2008-ubuntu-ppa-bionic.list:deb http:\/\/ppa.launchpad.net\/teejee2008\/ppa\/ubuntu bionic main<\/code><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Un lucru pe care l-a\u021bi putea observa c\u00e2nd privi\u021bi listarea de mai sus este utilizarea termenilor restric\u021biona\u021bi, universe \u0219i multiverse. Ace\u0219ti termeni identific\u0103 unele distinc\u021bii importante:<\/p>\n

– Principal – software-ul oficial open source. Se ofer\u0103 suport oficial pentru aceste pachete. Fiecare pachet software open source inclus \u00een instalarea implicit\u0103 este inclus \u00eempreun\u0103 cu alte pachete importante.<\/p>\n

– Restric\u021bionat – software-ul cu surs\u0103 \u00eenchis\u0103 acceptat oficial – de ex., Drivere hardware – acceptat pentru durata lans\u0103rii.<\/p>\n

– Universe – men\u021binut de comunitate, open-source. Majoritatea software-urilor Ubuntu provin din acest depozit. Nu se ofer\u0103 suport oficial sau actualiz\u0103ri.<\/p>\n

– Multiverse – software neacceptat, cu surs\u0103 \u00eenchis\u0103 \u0219i cu brevet de inven\u021bie.<\/p>\n

Re\u021belele standard Linux ofer\u0103:<\/strong><\/p>\n

– Loca\u021bii de \u00eencredere pentru a ob\u021bine software-ul cu \u00eencredere, \u0219tiind c\u0103 este f\u0103r\u0103 malware \u0219i testat corect<\/p>\n

– Instal\u0103ri simple f\u0103r\u0103 preocup\u0103ri pentru dependen\u021be (sunt furnizate toate pachetele necesare)<\/p>\n

– Moduri simple de a g\u0103si \u0219i desc\u0103rca ceea ce ave\u021bi nevoie<\/p>\n

\u0218tiind pe care depozite le folosi\u021bi pot s\u0103 \u00eembun\u0103t\u0103\u021beasc\u0103 modul \u00een care sistemul dvs. gestioneaz\u0103 actualiz\u0103rile. \u00cen general, acest lucru este foarte direct. Dac\u0103 utiliza\u021bi depozite non-standard, este probabil o idee bun\u0103 s\u0103 examina\u021bi ocazional sursele de software.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Un depozit Linux este o loca\u021bie de stocare din care sistemul dvs. preia \u0219i instaleaz\u0103 actualiz\u0103rile \u0219i aplica\u021biile sistemului de operare. Fiecare depozit este o colec\u021bie de software g\u0103zduit\u0103 pe un server la distan\u021b\u0103 \u0219i destinat\u0103 pentru a fi utilizat\u0103 \u00een instalarea \u0219i actualizarea pachetelor software pe sistemele Linux. C\u00e2nd executa\u021bi comenzi precum „sudo apt<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1162,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-667","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-how-to"],"yoast_head":"\nCum afi\u0219am depozitele \u00een Linux - NAV.RO Blog<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nav.ro\/blog\/cum-afisam-depozitele-in-linux\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ro_RO\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Cum afi\u0219am depozitele \u00een Linux - NAV.RO Blog\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Un depozit Linux este o loca\u021bie de stocare din care sistemul dvs. preia \u0219i instaleaz\u0103 actualiz\u0103rile \u0219i aplica\u021biile sistemului de operare. 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